Classical v. Operant .... that, in the absence of any learning, would occur only in response to specific stimuli, such as salivation in the presence of food (Kagan & Havemann, 1996). .... (221 1 )
Punishment: Definition and Efficacy .... of some unpleasant stimulus (eg, an electric shock) when a target behavior is either forthcoming or, alternatively, not forthcoming (Kagan and Havemann 109). .... (918 4 )
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