Two Psychology Interventions

CRISIS THEORY AND INTERVENTION COMPARED

Both crisis theory and intervention and psychodynamic intervention are applied in clinical practice in the treatment of individuals, couples, and families experiencing acute or chronic psychological distress (Cope, 1994, pp. 6781). These two approaches to such treatment are compared in this research.

Psychodynamic therapy is based on the premise that an organism achieves adaptation through an interaction with the surrounding environment (Aguilera, 1990, p. 3). Within the psychodynamic context, behavior is viewed in terms of interaction as well as in terms of cause and effect with a goal of increasing the potential for survival of the organism. The immediate emphasis in psychodynamic therapy, therefore, is on the present, although the influence of the past is considered as a means of both understanding the cause of current states and developing strategies to overcome problems associated with these states. Interpretations in psychodynamic therapy, thus, always begin and end with current states.

The psychodynamic approach to crisis posits that an intervention must be characterized by aggressive education and counseling (Cope, 1994, pp. 6781). Both direct and indirect approaches are employed in psychodynamic intervention to facilitate the adaptation process (Zilversmit, 1990, pp. 211219). Milieu therapies are frequently used in psychodynamic crisis intervention

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en the crisis developed in the life or lives of the subject or subjects. Crisis intervention may be either generic or individual in approach (Aguilera, 1990, p. 21). The generic approach assumes the presence of recognized patterns of behavior in crisis situations. The experience of grief related to the death of relatives is a situation wherein the generic approach to crisis intervention is appropriate (Aguilera, 1990, p. 21). Suffering is an experience that "varies in intensity, duration, and depth" (Travelbee, 1966, p. 70). The suffering experience ranges "from simple transitory mental, physical, and spiritual discomfort to extreme anguish, and to those phases beyond anguish, namely, the malignant phase of despairful 'not caring,' and the terminal phase of apathetic indifference" (Travelbee, 1966, p. 70). To suffer, one must care, and to care, one must "experience some degree of attachment toward the object of one's care and concern" (Travelbee, 1966, p. 72). This relationship between suffering and care is the basis of grief reactions. The most prevalent reaction to grief is to seek a causal answer to the experience in terms of "what" and "why" (Travelbee, 1966, p. 74). Other frequently encountered expressions of grief

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