Student Nurse Study
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The undertaken study examined whether, when compared to faculty instruction, preceptored instruction of student nurses resulted in decreased levels of stress, threat, and fear and increased levels of challenge and stimulation. These predictions were formulated on the basis of the work of Oermann (19 ) which indicated that preceptored instruction sometimes showed benefits beyond that produced by faculty instruction in outcomes that could be associated with lowered stress levels. Also, the theoretical work of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) regarding stress, coping, emotions, and cognitive appraisal helped to shape the foregoing predictions. To test the validity of the predictions, two groups of nurses were mailed the Pagana Clinical Stress Questionnaire developed by Pagana (1988) to measure nurses' experiences of stress, stimulation, fear, threat and challenge. One group of nurse consisted of those who had been trained by their faculty while another consisted of those who had been training in clinical settings by preceptors. All student nurses were enrolled in an associate degree or baccalaureate degree nursing programs within the midwestern part of the United States; these programs being accredited by the National League of Nursing. In order to be eligible to receive a mailing, nurses' curriculum coordinators or directors had to grant them permission to participate in the study. Questionnaire data were analyzed using descriptive, inferential and correlational
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Comparative Studies
The research comparing preceptored program delivered in clinical settings to non-preceptored instruction delivered in other settings is sparse and the findings are mixed. In one study, positive outcomes were observed by Scheetz (1988) who conducted a comparative study of the gains in clinical competence of students who participated in summer preceptorship programs and those students who worked as nursing assistants in noninstructional clinical settings using a convenience sample of 72 generic baccalaureate nursing students. A nonequivalent comparison group pretest-posttest design was utilized.
Treatment group subjects participated in hospital-based summer preceptorship programs for nursing students. Comparison group subjects worked as nursing assistants in hospitals that did not offer these students a planned instructional program during their employment. Data were collected utilizing the self-administered Participant Information Survey and Summer Experience Survey. Head nurses utilized the Clinical Competence Rating Scale to rate subjects' clinical competence at the beginning and end of the summer experience.
Scheetz (1988) reported that a chi-square analysis of the Participant In
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 8317
Approximate Pages = 33 (250 words per page)
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