Bioterrorism
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The events of September 11, 2001, marked by the airplane attacks on New York City and Washington DC, were followed just days later by the spread of anthrax spores in both greater New York and greater Washington. The latter incidents, which infected 22 persons and which killed five, brought into specific relief a subject that had not been unknown in the health-care community but that also, as it turned out, not been any more adequately conceptualized than had 9/11: bioterrorism. Indeed, despite evidence of a growing body of professional research on bioterrorism before 9/11, as well as evidence of attempts by some policy makers to address issue fronts it raised during the 1990s, what happened with the anthrax scare was that such research had by no means been adequately operationalized by the vast majority of health-care practitioners or public-policy officials. Still less had bioterrorism entered popular discourse, although that would shortly change. Bioterrorism has now passed into the post-9/11 language and culture, but it remains a somewhat arcane subject. In that connection, it is worth noting that while the criminals who murdered the 2,976 people at the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and the field in Pennsylvania were identified more or less expeditiously, the source of the anthrax murders has as of March 2004 never been found (Chen, 2004).Discourse of bioterrorism anticipates the targeting of civilian as well as military populations, and bioterrorism as both concept
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ood poisoning, and cholera; rickettsia, very small bacteria that can convert into spores and that cause Q fever; viruses, which invade host sells and which cause such diseases as Ebola and smallpox; and toxins, notably ricin, which is derived from the castor bean plant. Five kinds of chemical agents are described: nerve agents, which cause almost instantaneous death by shutting down blood chemistry and the central nervous system; blister agents, or vesicants, which generate lesions and attack mucous tissues; pulmonary agents, which target and block the respiratory tract; blood agents, such as cyanide, which shut down the cardiac and respiratory systems; and irritating agents, such as teargas, which are not necessarily fatal. Persell, et al. (2002) use a three-category taxonomy, which they attribute to public-health authorities, to describe the same basic agents. Category A comprises easily deliverable and transmissible lethal viruses and bacteria such as anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fever (Marburg, Ebola), and tularemia. Category B consists of poisons and biological agents that are generally less lethal and that might be delivered via water and food sources, such as Q fever, brucellosis, ricin, glanders,
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Zilinskas Pate, Deborah Green, Marburg Ebola, According Bravata, York Washington, Center Pentagon, NDMS Internet, Treasury Transportation, Oklahoma City, Aum Shinrikyo, zilinskas pate, henderson 1999, chemical agents, pate 2002, et al, zilinskas pate 2002, bioterrorism preparedness, biological attacks, biological weapons, advance nurses, biological chemical, biological chemical agents, persell et al, et al 2002, advance nurses 4,
Approximate Word count = 2936
Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page)
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