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Neuman Health Care Model of Nursing

atter, energy, and information, (8) system input and output, (9) system feedback, (10) negentropy --energy absorption, (11) entropy--energy depletion, (12) stability, (13) reaction to stress, (14) wellness, (15) illness, (16) the system's normal line of defense, (17) the system's flexible lines of defense, (18) the system's lines of resistance, (19) the systems degree of reaction, (20) the concept of prevention as intervention, and (21) reconstitution.

A holistic approach to the client means that all needs of the client must be addressed as an interactive system. Neuman (1980, p. 57) stated that client may be defined as person, family, group, community, or issue.

Neuman's holistic view of the client requires a consideration of all factors that may simultaneously affect the client as a system (Harris, Hermiz, Meininger, and Steinkeler, 1989, pp. 361-387). The common definition of a system is "an aggregate of elements considered together with the relationships holding among them" (Angyal, 1986, p. 20). In this sense, a system any be considered "as any entity, conceptual or physical, which consists of independent parts (Ackoff, 1986, p. 332). Systems may be either closed or open. A closed system is one which "does not depend on its environment; it is autonomous, enclosed, and sealed off from the outside world. It has all the energy it needs, and can function without the consumption of external resources" (Daft, 1991, p. 10). By contrast, an open system is one which "must interact with its environment to survive; it both consumes resources and exports resources to the environment. It must continually change and adapt to the environment" (Daft, 1991, p. 10).

Environment refers to the set of variables which affect a system (Harris, Hermiz, Meininger, and Steinkeler, 1989, pp. 361- 387). These variables are both external to the system, and within the system. These forces a...

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Neuman Health Care Model of Nursing. (1969, December 31). In LotsofEssays.com. Retrieved 15:29, March 28, 2024, from https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1681155.html