Charles II

The monarch then returned to England, where Royalist supporters (led by General George Monck) forced the Rump Parliament to dissolve and placed Charles on the English throne in 1660. Robert C. Black, III, writes, "Charles II entered London among unprecedented demonstrations of loyalty" (199).

Charles' extravagance left him always in need of money, and this need led him to such acts as marriage with a Portuguese princess with a substantial dowry and a secret alliance with France. The latter put England at war with the Dutch, a confrontation that resulted in England's acquisition of the North American territory of New Amsterdam, afterward called New York.

Charles reasserted the primacy of the Church of English and persecuted Nonconformists, Presbyterians, Quakers, and others who openly opposed the official church by worshipping openly and writing against Anglican beliefs. His punishments led many prominent members of these sects to seek the religious freedom that life in the American colonies represented.

Charles II died in 1685. His reign reestablished the monar

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ermanent English settlement founded in America. It was named for James I, the monarch who made its charter possible. The town was established in May, 1607, by a small group of colonists, led by Captain Christopher Newport. Newport had been hired by the London Company to lead a colonizing expedition to the Americas. He eventually brought a number of shiploads of colonists to Jamestown, replenishing the population and providing much-needed supplies. The London Company, also known as the Virginia Company (in honor of the recently deceased Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen), was one of two English joint-stock companies chartered by James I in 1606 to colonize the New World. The other company, the Plymouth Company, did not manage to found any permanent settlements, and the London Company was dissolved in 1624 because of the difficulties of colonizing Jamestown. Colonization was extremely important during this period, because it served to reinforce the English claim to New World territories. Without active settlements, such claims remained tenuous and difficult to enforce (Goodwin 112). Many of the original colonists died from famine and disease during the 1609-1610 winter, and the city was later nearly destroyed during the B
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