Ancient Near Eastern Art
1. Absolute dating meth
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1. Absolute dating methods are those that produce dates without reference to other indexes or chronologies. Two such absolute methods important to the study of human culture are radiocarbon dating and thermoluminescent dating. Relative methods are those such as dendrochronology which rely on other indexes or on a succession of dating events. Dendrochronology, for example, is the calculation of dates based on the growth rings in trees. But since there is no single super-tree that provides an absolute index the accumulation of successive dates (calibrated in accordance with literary evidence and general weather trends observed in other samples) produces a relative date for timbers used in Western Europe and the American Southwest up to 4,500 BC. Absolute dating methods often produce calendar dates by means of coordination with relative methods such as dendrochronology. Radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that C14 atoms are absorbed by living organisms and decay at a particular atomic rate from the moment of the death of the organism. Radiocarbon dating (which is constantly being refined on the basis of new information about the amount of C14 in the atmosphere and the atomic rate of decay for the particle) provides dates up to 40,000 years ago. The radiocarbon method is, however, far less accurate for objects from the last 2,000 years--and its dating is "absolute" only to the point of assigning dates within a century or so.
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was later adapted to truly monumental scale with the construction of King Zoser's stepped pyramid (c. 2610), basically a series of mastabas of ever-smaller size stacked on top of each other. This monument was planned by the Grand Vizier Imhotep, the first artist in history whose name is recorded. He conceived of the notion of the kings of Egypt as divine beings related to the central sun god. The grand necropolis constructed by Imhotep served as the model for generations of Egyptian artists and architects. And, though other stepped pyramids were built, the form eventually metamorphosed into the smooth-sided pyramids built at Giza. The original impulse for such monumental tombs was Imhotep's promotion of the divinity of the kings and the creation, thereby, of a state religion. The change to the even more gigantic and labor-intensive Giza style of pyramid (and the vast complexes of accompanying buildings, including the mastabas of lesser persons) was, perhaps, motivated by the pharaohs move to Memphis and the influence of the cult of Re at nearby Heliopolis. Re's fetish was a pyramid-shaped stone, the ben-ben, and, as the god's spirit was contained in the fetish, the ka of the kings would live on in their preserved bodies ins
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 8781
Approximate Pages = 35 (250 words per page)
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1. Absolute dating meth
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