White-collar Crime

"White-collar crime" has been defined as:

"an illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by nonphysical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money or property, to avoid payment or loss of money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantage" (Clinard and Yeager 18).

White-collar crime involves dealing with monetary offenses not ordinarily associated with criminality. It distinguished from lower socioeconomic crimes in terms of the structure of the violation and the fact that administrative and civil penalties are more the punishment then are criminal penalties.

As separate from ordinary crime, white-collar crime consists of two types: occupational and corporate. "Occupational" crime it committed largely by individuals or small groups of individuals in connection with their place of employment. It may include violations of the law by businessmen, politicians, labor union leaders, lawyers, doctors, and employees who embezzle money from their bosses or steal merchandise and tools.

Occupational crimes also may encompass income tax evasion; manipulation in the sale of used cars and other pro

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ng and financial transactions among banks and businesses are the most common types of EFT systems now in operation. The opportunities for theft are many, though it generally requires more organization because the thief must deceive the computer. This form of thievery or larceny is called "fraud." Fraud, and its method of trickery, will likely become the most prevalent form of theft in the computer age. As computers are utilized in banking and for credit, citizens will begin to carry less cash, store less cash and obtain it upon demand from an ATM. Since most criminals do not want to confront a victim to gain his/her access code to the machine, theft by fraud will be necessary and fraud requires more planning and preparation in execution. Crime trends lend support to this view. In the United States, arrests for forgery and fraud have gone up dramatically during the last twenty years (San Segundo 47 and Albanese 26). In Canada, frauds reported in recent years have increased as well. When comparing these trends against larceny by stealth, a shift is apparent. Fraud rates and arrests have increased by 264 percent and 146 percent in the last two decades compared to 118 percent and 123 percent for larceny (Albanese 26). A
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Approximate Pages = 13 (250 words per page)

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