Emotions can be loosely defined as subjective feelings (e.g., sadness, joy, fear, etc.) common to all human beings which operate to motivate behavior (Clore, 1994). While there has been nearly a century of research interest in the way emotions can influence memory, it has only been in the last few decades that comprehensive models of the relationship between emotions and memory have been developed and tested (Averill, 1994).
The purpose of the review of literature presented here is to examine theories of emotion as well as research and theory on the relatedness of emotions and memory. The studies and theories reviewed are then used as a foundation for the formulation of implications for psychotherapy and the treatment of emotional disturbances.
The review begins with an examination of some basic theory and research on the functions of emotions. This is followed by an explication and discussion of several models of the role and place of emotions in memory. Following the explication and discussion of these model, the review presents an examination of studies focusing on the common neuroanatomical elements, processes, and structures of emotions and memory (emotional memory). The final section of the review discusses implications for psychotherapy derived from the reviewed material.
What are the functions of emotions? Different theorists posit different and diverse answers to this question. Clore (1992, 1994) states that the primary function of emotion is to provide information and connects this function (as do many other theorists) to the cognitive process of appraisal. Specifically, Clore's theory holds that as an individual moves through the world, he engages in a process of continual appraisal.
The emotional experience, in this context, may be considered an input into this appraisal process, informing the individual as to the validity and subsequent outcomes of these appraisals, thereby allowing the person ...