The Social Movements 0f the 1960s and 1970s

The Disabled Movement fought for social integration of the disabled population. Although an umbrella lobbying group, the American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities (ACCD), was created in 1974, it was the activism of the San Francisco Bay Area disabled community that brought the movement's issues national attention. An independent living philosophy had developed and grown in California that stimulated a change of consciousness regarding the human potential of the disabled.

The United Farmworker Movement (UFW) succeeded in mobilizing Mexican farmworkers under the leadership of Cesar Chavez. The UFW employed a dual strategy. First it emphasized solidarity among the migrant workers. Then it garnered external support for its cause via boycotts. During the 1970s, the UFW was able to bring sufficient pressure against growers to force them to agree to wage and working condition concessions for its members.

The Men's Movement began during the early 1970s. The Movement appeared in diverse locations prior to the formation of a national organization. Two levels of operation characterized this movement: attendance at major conferences and participation

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based on multiple levels. An intensely active center of organization is New York City, where a significant portion of the population consists of renters. Tenant action here increased after 1971. Tenants in buildings have formed building organizations (BOs); block residents have formed neighborhood organizations (NOs). In 1980, tenant organizations from 25 states met and formed the National Tenant Union, which lobbies in Washington and monitors legislation. Despite the existence of a national organization, most activism occurs on the local levels, spurred by rent increases or changes in rent laws. The Black and Brown Lung Movements focused on the issue of occupational health and succeeded in calling attention to lung disorders of coal and textile workers. Key figures such as Ralph Nader and a vocal group of physicians were responsible for involving the outside world in the workers' plight during the early 1970s. The growth of these movements was also supported by federal funding. The decentralized nature of the movement created the opportunity for workers to operate at the local, state, and national levels. The Ecology Movement was also referred to as environmental activism or participatory ecology. The Movement, whic
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