The world systems approach

Under the world systems approach, there are three sub-systems recognized--core, semi-periphery, and periphery. The political characteristics for each are as follows in terms of centralization and effectiveness of political institutions: for the core system both are high, for semi-periphery both are mixed, and for periphery both are low. The three differ in terms of economic characteristics as well: the core has a diverse and flexible economy, the semi-periphery a mixed economy, and the periphery is focused on natural resources and lacks diversity and flexibility. Each subsystem has its own social characteristics. In terms of discretion of the labor force, the core has high levels of discretion, the semi-periphery mixed levels, and the periphery low levels of discretion. In terms of the extent of traditionalism in society, the core shows great fluidity, the semi-periphery mixed elements of traditionalism and modernity, and the periphery the influence of traditionalism. At different times from 1815 to the 1990s, the states that would be identified with each of these subsystems has changed as economic and political development has shifted states from one subsystem to another as the world system has developed. Hegemony is another term referring to certain states, and as explained by Wallerstein, hegemony means more than core status. Wallerstein defines hegemony as a situation in which the products of a core state are produced so efficiently that they are competitive even

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left behind. The leadership of Germany clearly had the intention of increasing its power in the foreign arena, and the nation had the army to back up that intention. Germany built after 1900 the strongest land army in Europe. This potentiality was coupled with a proclaimed intention to increase the naval force to a state of parity with England. This implied that Germany wanted to become a colonial power and not just a European power, though either eventuality would have been disturbing to other European nations. Once the war was over, curtailing German power and punishing her for her transgressions coupled with direct efforts to eliminate the German problem. The war had taken its toll on Germany, which is why the other European powers were able to force her to sue for peace. World War I was seen as the triumph of Western liberalism represented by the British, American, and French traditions, over the German Bismarckian tradition. The changing of the borders of Germany and the accompanying creation of new national states that also adopted the liberal traditions showed which tradition had won. Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other new states had feared German power and were now able to develop governments and territories of th

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