Revival of Towns and Trade

Once the basic concept was enshrined, it was continually refined and increasingly became a matter of record. The survey of Neuillay dated 860 gives the lord an accounting of his slaves (and the slaves (dependents) of vassals), their duties, living space, taxes, and in general what amount to their job descriptions with respect to care and maintenance of the lord's lands (Neuillay 137). The AD 1050 document "Rights and Ranks of People" identifies cash and in-kind payments due to those bound to the manor, as well as their rights to private property and duties to the lord's lands (that document makes provision for holiday foods to the slaves).

All of these documents show protecting the position of the lord. But a more gene

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nd where one could read, some monks began to write. For example, St. Anselm, an abbot whose life straddled the 11th and 12the centuries, proffered an ontological proof (if perfection exists, God is perfection itself) for the existence of God (256ff). Because during this period the Church was so preoccupied with suppressing heresies, theological commentaries were scrutinized. Thus the method by which argument ought to proceed--as it were a "rule" for theological discourse--became a preoccupation of the hierarchy. By the middle of the 12th century scholasticism was employed not only by monks--most rigorously by Aquinas in his systematic (not ontological) reconciliation of Aristotle's method and Christian faith (262ff)--but also by the learned more generally. An important reason was that "an educational revolution had taken place. Learning passed from the rural monastery to the [secular] urban school" (Baldwin 38). So did rhetoric and argumentation. Out of these various trends, scholasticism as a discrete method, distinguished by its rhetorical rules of engagement and by the fact that its word root shows it came out of the schools, emerged (Baldwin 61). Intellectual innovations emerged out of the culture of scholasticism, such as i
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Approximate Word count = 2819
Approximate Pages = 11 (250 words per page)

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