c steroids are chemical compounds that have structures similar to those of male and female growth hormones--for example, testosterone. Under certain conditions these compounds can act within the body's metabolic structure to produce greater protein synthesis and improve both muscle and skeletal structures (Lamb 164). The compounds used in sports are almost always chemically related to male sex hormones, thus the name "androgenic" (male-producing) hormones, as well as their anabolic (tissue-building) properties.
Anabolic steroids can be taken either orally or by injection. After passing through the intestinal tract, they are absorbed by the intestines. They then travel from the bloodstream, through cell walls, and into the cytoplasm of the cell. In muscle cells, the steroids may stimulate the production of muscle protein and may block the negative "pain" effects of overworked muscles. In certain cases the steroids may stimulate secondary sex characteristics, for example deepening of the voice, beard and body hair growth, and increased libido (Strauss 61). It appears that steroids do help to increase muscle size and strength--under certain conditions. If the individual is experienced in strength training, regularly performing strenuous activity, and well nourished, the drugs seem to have the desired effect of "building-up" at a quicker rate.
The use of anabolic steroids has several other metabolic effects upon humans. In the short term, muscle mass is increased, but only in conjunction with extensive training. Steroid use has also been found to increase red blood cell production; clinically this seems to help many anemic patients, but also has endurance increasing effects upon athletes (Lamb 167). Other studies show that steroids can contribute to greater strength and endurance in muscles by changing the androgenic hormonal balance within the tissues. This often increases the short term bursts of muscle energy used by ...