Theories of State & Policy Initiatives
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This paper is an investigation of how understanding theories of state is essential to understanding policy initiatives carried out by individual governments. Differing philosophies regarding economics, management, and the purpose of government cause countries to choose different methods in the design and execution of programs. Such differences also determine the policies and programs that an individual government will consider to be priorities. By studying and analyzing the principles that lie at the heart of some of the best-known and most successful approaches to organizing and administering governments, students of political systems can come to understand the effects of those approaches on actions, policies, and programs. This paper will focus particularly on environmental issues as a clear example of how such an understanding can clarify why issues that are considered important to one country may have difficulty crossing international boundaries. Differences are present even within governments, demonstrated by the clash in philosophies between Democrats and Republicans within the system of democracy that is practiced in the United States. One of the most time-honored techniques employed by political strategists is to contrast a candidate's position on key issues with those of his or her opponent. This is effective in part because it serves to clarify (or, in some cases, obscure) the ways in which the candidate's positions coincide with the opinions of the majority
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xample, the chart notes that Clinton vetoed two Republican-sponsored bills, one designed to dilute the Clean Water Act and a second to promote development of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Both bills are typical examples of the Republican preference for reduced governmental regulation. Both bills are also supportive of the democratic ideal of the rights of the individual to seek personal fortune without either guarantees or interference from the state. Democrats, while supporting this same ideal, believe that both the individual and the common good require the approval and guidance of the majority. The chart observes that Dole and the Republicans believe that "environment and human health can be protected with less intrusive and less expensive regulations."
Beyond political campaigns and individual party differences, the policy initiatives undertaken by entire governments provide insight into the philosophies guiding each government's approach to politics. Two separate environmental disasters offer telling examples. The incident at the nuclear power plant on Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania gave Western democracy its first real taste of the catastrophic dangers posed by this relatively new source of energy. As emb
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Approximate Word count = 1416
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)
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