Soviet Owned Natural Resources

I - SOVIET ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: GENERAL ANALYSIS

Article 14 of the original Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics declared all natural resources, lands, minerals and forests to be the property of the state, incapable of private ownership and exploitation: thus government action was necessary to preserve the environment or remedy pollution. Article 67 of the 1977 Constitution obligates citizens to "protect nature and conserve its riches."

Under the 1968 Fundamental Land Legislation of the Supreme Soviet, the lands of the Union are divided into six uses: (1) agricultural lands, which are granted "permanently" to organizations and individuals, (2) settlement lands outside existing cities, (3) lands occupied by industry, transportation, health resorts and nature reserves, (4) state forest lands, (5) state water resources lands, and (6) state reserve lands. Lands may be withdrawn from economic exploitation in four categories, rendered by Schoenbaum1 as nature reserves, natural monuments, national parks, and ecological reserves.2 The first two may be either permanent or temporary, to protect an endangered species. National parks are open to the public, and resemble the national

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seems to have blinded Soviet analysis about the use of planning as a positive tool to assure ecologically sound development." Participation in the making of public decisions by such voluntary societies as the All-Russian Nature Protection Society, the All-Union Society of Inventors and Rationalizers, the All-Union Society Znaniye [Knowledge], the Union of Writers and Journalists and the Union of Societies of Hunters and Fishermen, has acted in favor of the environment.38 However, it is recognized that the individual does not have a natural interest in the public resources; Danilenko discusses how the "central organs" can motivate members of social organizations to engage in environmental protection.39 There are held Socialist Competitions, e.g. "For a Leninist Attitude toward Nature" (Lenin, in 1919, saw a need to organize game preserves): cash prizes, diplomas, and Challenge Red Banners are awarded to the organizations with the highest scores.40 (Apparently, the many entries are judged by the few judges, whereas in capitalist competition the few producers are judged by the many consumers.) At the actual source of pollution, the remedy is still sought in "control," in giving and enforcing orders: the system envisages and
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Approximate Word count = 5803
Approximate Pages = 23 (250 words per page)

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