THEORIES OF EMILE DURKHEIM

II. DURKHEIM'S INTELLECTUAL ROOTS AND INFLUENCES

Emile Durkheim's intellectual opinions were "rooted overwhelmingly in French intellectual history" (Durkheim, 1974, p. xlv). In addition to being influenced by French intellectual history, Durkheim was influenced by many people, ranging from his own teacher, Fustel de Coulanges, to Descartes (Durkheim, 1974, p. xlv). Moreover, like Max Weber and Vilfredo Pareto, Durkheim studied the works of Marx in his early education. And, also like Weber and Pareto, Durkheim concluded that there were significant problems with Marxism, and thus, all of the theorists--including Durkheim--spent a great deal of energy and writin

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publications influenced many other sociologists, including Max Weber. At the time that Durkheim first published Rules of Sociological Method, Weber was a professor who was more concerned with the study of economics and social policy than with the theories of sociology. Durkheim's book was original viewed as an almost revolutionary treatise in the field of sociology because it laid the groundwork for sociology as an autonomous and positive "science, independent of metaphysical hypotheses and eschatological predictions" (Freund, 1968, p. 10). Since the publication of the aforementioned book, Durkheim has been regarded as the premier theoretician of scientific sociology. Durkheim is known by other sociologists for his theories of externality and constraint. In the most basic sense, when Durkheim referred to externality, he was referring to the culture which a person is born into. Durkheim believed that a newborn child would observe and then acquire the ways of the group (or culture) in which the child is born. He demonstrated that a person's culture exists before a person is born into it, and a person merely absorbs or internalizes the ways and customs of his or her culture. The society or culture in which a child is born
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