Hormone Producing Cells
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1.1 Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted into the bloodstream or the extracellular fluid by specialized cells and have their action on other cells which bear receptors for the chemicals they secrete (Hormones, 1997). A given hormone usually only affects a limited number of cells, and only those which bear its receptor. Hormone receptors may be located on the surface of the target cells or within these cells. When the hormone binds to its receptor on the target cell, it triggers a cascade of reactions within the cell which affect the cell's functions. There are three kinds of hormone-producing cells, endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine. Endocrine cells secrete hormones into the bloodstream which act on distant cells; paracrine cells secrete hormones which act locally by diffusing from the source cell to the target cell; autocrine cells secrete hormones which act on the same cells that produce them. Two types of molecules bind to hormone receptors on cells: agonists are molecules that bind to the receptor and induce the cell changes leading to the biological effects caused by the hormone; antagonists are molecules that can bind to the hormone receptor and block binding of the hormone without triggering the response which is generated when the hormone binds to the receptor (Hormones, 1997). Hormones fall into four structural groups: peptides and proteins; steroids; amino acid derivatives; and fatty acid derivatives (eicosanoids) (Hormone, 2001). Pepti
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docrine glands which are important in the stress response are the hypothalamus and the adrenal gland. Although the entire cental nervous system is involved in the response to stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is critical for the adaptive response (Tsigos, Kyrou and Chrousos, 2004). Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) neurons in combination with central catecholaminergic (LC/NE) neurons, are the key components. CRH directly stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland, and AVP has a synergistic role. This stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids, which play a key regulatory role in the basal control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and in terminating the stress response.
The autonomic nervous system provides a rapid response to stress by activating a number of functions (Tsigos, Kyrou and Chrousos, 2004). The cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, and other systems of the body are all regulated by either the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system, or both. In response to stress, the heart rate increases, respiratory rate increases,
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Kyrou Chrousos, , Stimulation ADH, References Antidiuretic, response stress, retrieved http//arblcvmbscolostateedu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/, anterior pituitary, pituitary gland, secrete hormones, stress response, nervous system, posterior pituitary, amino acid, Tsigos Kyrou, kyrou chrousos 2004, antidiuretic hormone, anterior pituitary gland, cells secrete hormones, tsigos kyrou chrousos, stimulates adrenal cortex,
Approximate Word count = 1450
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)
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