Species Level Management

1. Species level management can be harmful in the long-term to the ecosystem as a whole if it does not include community and regional management, as well. Some species are so-called "focal" species, which indicates that their success is indicative of the success of the community or the region as a whole. However, it is often difficult to determine which species may be these focal species at the time when management efforts are undertaken.

If management efforts focus on species-level management and do not take into account the ecosystem as a whole in the community or the region, the interrelationship among several ecosystems�including water and land-based systems�may be overlooked. This, in turn, can lead to unintended consequences that could have severe effects for species in both the short-term and the long-term (Kintsch & Urban, 2002).

By focusing on the overall management of ecosystems at the regional and community levels, the biodiversity of the area can be maintained and the health of the area can be enhanced so that no one species is favored over another. This can encompass plant life as well as animal life, and can integrate the various competing needs of those species that comprise the region, including the needs of human residents. A species-level focus can shift the emphasis to a single species�often humans�to the detriment of the biodiversity and the long-term destruction of habitat that eventually may negatively impact those the management was designed to b

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do this in large groups or even a steady stream. Similarly, he does not consider alternate or additional uses for rivers which might be necessary or desirable in order to maintain an ecosystem. The author does not consider the impact of his own journeys on the river, as well, even taking into account his relative responsibility in the way that he and his friends conduct themselves on the rivers. The author notes, however, that Thoreau was not himself a recluse, and that while Thoreau appreciated the unique properties of Walden Pond, he also took advantage of the nearby civilization. Although the author does not pursue this thought, it suggests that Thoreau might have indeed postulated that river environments should be managed so that the needs of civilized men can be balanced with the need to maintain certain wild places. This might be the larger lesson that Down the River teaches. Reading this text helps one to also recognize the necessity of becoming personally engaged in environmental conservation activities not only through joining activist organizations, but also through personal participation in and engagement with the environment. While not all of us are financially able to become "river trippers," most of us can dev

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