MMR VACCINATION Introduction This research paper

Measles is a human respiratory infection that is caused by the measles virus, it is also called rubeola. Prior to the vaccine, the disease tended to occur in springtime epidemics, resulting in serious or fatal consequences. Measles is highly contagious, with a 90% occurrence if living in the same house and nonimmunized (Epidemiology, 1998, pp. 117-124; Novitt-Moreno, KidsHealth at the AMA staff, & Eppes, 1998, pp. 1-4).

Measles is spread by contact with nose and mouth fluids or by airborne droplets; contagion lasts from 1 to 2 days before symptoms appear to 4 days after rash appears. Symptoms appear around 9 days after exposure. If the mother has had the disease or has been immunized, a baby is generally protected against measles for 6 to 8 months after birth. Most cases are found in nonimmunized children (Epidemiology, 1998, pp. 117-124; Novitt-Moreno, et al., 1998, pp. 1-4).

Symptoms include rash, initial irritability, runny nose, red and sensitive eyes, cough, and high fever (as high as 105 degrees F). Rash can appear 3 or 4 or even 8 days after these symptoms or as soon as one day a

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to rash until 1 week after rash. Duration of rash is 1 to 5 days; children recover in a week and adults take longer (Epidemiology, 1998, pp. 111-113; Novitt-Moreno, Eppes, & Dowshen, 1999, pp. 1-3) The infection begins with a couple of days of mild fever (99-100 degrees F) and swollen glands. Next a pink or light red spotted rash appears at the hairline and spreads and merges to form evenly colored patches. The rash is itchless and lasts up to 5 days, ending in possible flake shedding. Other symptoms include conjunctivitis, runny nose, swollen lymph glands in other body parts, joint swelling, and testicle pain. Rubella in pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome resulting in serious fetus malformations. Children infected before birth are at risk for growth retardation, heart, eyes, or brain malformations, deafness, and problems with liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The biggest danger for this mild disease is for pregnant women. Uncommon complications include arthritis or arthralgia (70% of adult women), encephalitis (one in 5,000 cases), hemorrhagic manifestations (one per 3,000 cases), orchitis, neuritis, and panencephalitis. Prior to vaccine, children 5 to 9 years and adults were primarily affected, with many
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