People's Republic of China

On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China proclaimed itself the legitimate government of China, and with it, became the second major communist revolution to succeed in the twentieth century. China, one of the most populace countries in the world, had the leadership of a dramatic personality in the guise of Mao Zedong. Chairman Mao, in a speech on September 21, 1949, said that:

The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation, it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind. And that was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary government . . . ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up.1

As with most revolutions, the aftermath brought down a multitude of change, suffering, and heedless tasks in order to transform the society into the ideological demands of the founders of the revolution. Within the context of the Chinese revolutionary experience, the rhetorical demands have always accorded nationalism, socialist, and economic development as the primary goals of the revolution. However, within the context of these developments, gender equality was supposed to transpire along with the rest of the revolutionary goals. In the sociological development of China, women had always born the brunt of the burden. Mao himself "spoke of women holding up half the sky and being more oppressed than men because they were subject to male domination

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men, and have won many awards for service to the State. Within the rural environment, women have been given important responsibilities in the rural responsibility system.6 In the urban areas, although there are few women employed fulltime in the labor force by percentage, but at least 10 percent of the total population is still a large number of women. As scholar Elisabeth Croll says, "Working women are to be found in a wide range of occupations including the professions, skilled and unskilled factory work and the service industries. They are well represented in the professions from medicine and engineering to teaching, and this has not led to a downgrading of these professions in the occupational hierarchy as in some parts of Eastern Europe."7 Since the common goals of industrial and technical growth involve both genders, women are often still among those who continue to benefit from new policies. As with the councils representing women in rural areas, women in the cities have councils to report their grievances and suggestions. Urban China, in fact, since it has developed more fully since the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, has developed its neighborhood organizations concentrated its efforts to more fully im

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