Traditional Roles and Kuwaiti Females
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The proposed research consists of a test of whether Kuwaiti females that identify with traditional roles prescribed for women in Kuwaiti/Arab society significantly differ in directionality of locus of control (external/internal) and their levels of depression, and stress when compared to Kuwaiti females that identify with the more liberal notions of the female role held by Western culture. To this end, the proposal develops a model that considers the impact of professional careers, incorporation to the labor market and western values in the direction of stress, the nature of depression, and cultural conflicts originating from the newly defined values that females have created for themselves. From this model, hypotheses dealing with the differences between the two groups (traditional vs. modern Kuwaiti females) are derived.Depression in Kuwaiti females is at an all time high (Al-Ansari, Essam, El-Hilu, El-Hihi and Hassan, 1990; Malasi, Mirza & El-Islam, 1989; Fido & Mughaiseeb, 1989). While the causes of this increase in depressive illness are not known with a strong degree of precision, family conflict (defined by El-Islam, Malasi and Abu-Dagga (1988) as interpersonal disagreement consisting of ongoing argument and bickering among family members) has repeatedly been found to be associated with levels of depressive illness in Kuwaiti women (Malasi, Mirza & El-Islam, 1989; Suleiman, Moussa & El-Islam, 1989; Malasi & Suleiman, 1988).
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for her in the societal role of production. Shallal describes the female role in modern Kuwait society as one of low visibility in the labor force but high visibility in the home. She is a women out of touch with the country's production and economic system but with the desire to have more interaction in these areas.
Religion and Its Impact in Female Roles. The impact of religion on the female role is strong. Its general strength has, perhaps, no where been better stated than by El-Islam (1982) who noted that:
Islamic patterns and values have been embodied in Arabs' culture since Islam became their religion, Islam being "less of a dogma than it is a way of life,"
. . .What is traditional and what is Islamic have been closely identified with each other in everyday life and in interpersonal relationships of Arabs. Most transgressions of tradition are transgressions of the religious code at the same time. (El-Islam, 1982, p.322)
As just noted the female role in Kuwait is one that has been shaped by religion. In other words, the role of the Kuwait female is the role proscribed by Islam. According to Badawi (1983) and Brijbhusban (1980), this role can be characterized in terms of the following conduct:
(1) While single, the
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Approximate Word count = 8373
Approximate Pages = 33 (250 words per page)
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