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The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) which would eventually become the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was established in November, 1913. The members of the UVF were Irish nationalists that were committed to “securing and maintaining the rights and liberties common to all the people of Ireland.” The organization was formed in response to open threats of armed rebellion against the British government by the Conservative Party and the British aristocracy. These threats by the Conservative Party and British aristocracy were aimed at resisting Irish Home Rule proposed by the Liberal British government. From 1913 to the present, the UVF has developed into a volatile organization committed to the independence of Northern Ireland. The IRA, in 1919, began a widespread and effective guerrilla campaign that is still in operation today as a means of gaining independence for Northern Ireland. The roots of the UVF, and eventually the IRA, can be traced back to the English colonization of Ireland. The Irish have been struggling for freedom from tyranny since the very first English settlement. The numerous bloody, modern day conflicts that transpire in Northern Ireland between the English Protestants and the IRA is not unique, but rather it is reminiscent of earlier Irish and English wars. Long ago the Irish waged several wars in an attempt to expel the English invaders, and the IRA’s war has simply become a modern extension of the brave Iri
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lish throne. After the advent of a more dangerous pretender, Perkin Warbeck, it was decided (1494) to remove Kildare and rule through an Englishman, Sir Edward Poynings. Poynings subdued Kildare, but he could not reconquer the northern Gaelic Irish. At Drogheda (1494-95) he induced a Parliament to pass an act that came to be known as "Poynings' Law"; it subjected the meetings and legislative drafts of the Irish Parliament to the control of the English king and council. But Poynings' administrative expenses were too great, and Henry VII decided in 1496 to restore Kildare.
On Kildare's death (1513) the deputyship passed to his son Garret Óg (Young Gerald), 9th earl of Kildare, who continued, though less impressively, to dominate the country. But James, 10th earl of Desmond, intrigued with the emperor Charles V; and Henry VIII became convinced that Kildare had lost the power to keep Ireland neutral. Therefore, when the divorce (1533) of Catherine of Aragon made the danger of imperial intervention particularly acute, the king summoned Kildare to England (1534). There were thereafter no Irish-born viceroys for more than a century.
The Reformation period.
Rumours that Kildare had been executed precipitated the rebellion of
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Approximate Word count = 7972
Approximate Pages = 32 (250 words per page)
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