Hippocampus
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Often referred to as the seahorse of the brain, the hippocampus is the seat of learning and memory in the brain. People commonly believe learning and memory are separate functions, but they both are processes that involve acquiring and storing new data for later retrieval. The hippocampus is located within the limbic system, generally referred to as the seat of emotion. The limbic system is comprised of a loosely aligned series of structures beneath the cerebral cortex that control emotion, motivation, and memory. It is the hippocampus that is considered to be the seat of learning and memory. Memory is often considered the self, because it is our memories that make us individuated from others and memories that makeup our conscious mind. Yet, the growing sophistication of neurobiology technology makes us wonder if we will ever fully understand how memory works “Memory, it turns out, is both far more complex and more primitive than we knew. Ancient parts of the brain can record memory before it even reaches our senses—our sight and hearing, for instance. At the same time there are between 200 and 400 billion neurons in the brain and each neuron has about 10,000 connections. The parallel processing involved in memory is so complex we can’t even begin to think how it works” (Neimark, 1995, 2). There are two main types of memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. There are also two different forms of memory, implicit memo
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996, 1). Compton, et al., (1996), conducted an experiment on eighteen rats, six were normal and three months old, six were normal and two years old, and six more three month old rats received hippocampal lesions. The study demonstrated that when the hippocampus is damaged, the learning and memory deficits in young rodents or humans are similar to those found in older humans and rodents. Damage to the hippocampus and/or aging appear to most affect learning the memory when it comes to spatial relationships. As Compton et al., (1996, 6) relate:
The results of the present investigation are consistent with research designed to examine cognitive abilities of older humans. Typically, a series of words or strings of nonsense syllables are presented to the participant, and the participant is tested for recall and, often, for the order of items in the list. Although older adults show little decline in their ability to recognize previously presented words, there is a significant impairment in their ability to recall the same items. Thus, our results suggest a severe learning impairment in aged rats on a task with minimal spatial demands that is consistent with the deficits observed in hippocampal- or amygdala-damaged rats and humans.
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Approximate Word count = 2680
Approximate Pages = 11 (250 words per page)
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