Horney & Freud

Sigmund Freud had many disciples with regard to his theories of human development, among them no illustrious psychoanalytic theorists than Alfred Adler and Karl Jung. Also among his disciples in her early career was Karen Horney. Freud's theory of psychological development is closely aligned with sexually and is based on instinctual rather than emotional conflicts from interpersonal relationships. Horney, on the other hand, "founded a neo-Freudian school of psychoanalysis based on the conclusion that neuroses are the result of emotional conflicts arising from childhood experiences and later disturbances in interpersonal relationships. Horney believed that such disturbances are conditioned to a large extent by the society in which an individual lives rather than solely by the instinctual drives postulated by Freud" (Karen 1). Horney also broke from Freud's pessimistic view of humanity. She viewed individuals as being born with equal potential for healthy development. However, she felt insecurities developed from parent-child interaction. Basic anxiety in her view equated with apprehension and fear of the outside world, the fear of being helpless and alone in an often hostile world. While Freud believed neuroses developed from the unsuccessful resolution of his psychosexual stages of development, particularly the Oedipus conflict, Horney argued neuroses develop from maladjustment resu

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in a successful manner results in an individual whose actions promise a greater degree of security or success. Neuroses result when the individual, during any of these stages, experiences a dramatic occurrence that somehow prevents full resolution of the tasks involved at each stage of growth. Freud believed all of the stages were instinctually engendered in the individual and did not include social or cultural impact to be significant in personality development. This is where Karen Horney would extend his theories significantly. Nonetheless, Freud's Five Stages of Psychosexual Development include: Oral; Anal; Phallic; Latency; Genital. The first three stages are pre-Oedipal stages and the latter two are occur during the Oedipus complex, a fundamental foundation of psychoanalytic theory and also one of Freud's most controversial ones which will be discussed later. During the oral stage the infant is basically an id-driven creature because it seeks satisfaction of its biological needs for food, warmth and shelter based on the pleasure-principle. Freud viewed the satisfaction of these pleasures as having a sexual orientation. For instance, when an infant suckles at its mother's breast, it discovers the pleasure intrinsic in

Category: Psychology - H