Hume, Hegel & Marx
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David Hume’s, Georg Hegel’s and Karl Marx’s views on religion have all greatly impacted modern metaphysical theory. Hume believed all knowledge is ideas or impressions and that our minds are only a collection of our perceptions. He believed there is no knowledge other than that which is directly observable (via our sensory impressions), which is why he believed that God is only one idea in our minds. Therefore, God does not exist in reality. He believed that since we cannot use ration to verify substance of causal activity, then all we can do is infer based on a probability that is the product of our perceptions. Hegel believed reality was a dynamic process that evolved through dialectic not one of static ideals or absolutes. He maintained that every thesis has an inherent antithesis within it, and that the conflict between these results in a synthesis which again evolves a contradiction. Hegel believed that the conflict leads to the development of reason and freedom. Reason is what accounts for the stability of societies and for social change. Karl Marx was greatly influenced by Hegel’s dialectic, but he fashioned it into a dialectic materialism in the sense that he did not see the conflict leading to reason, freedom and social change. Instead, he felt that economics and the economic structure of a society are the basis of history and dictates all social, political and intellectual aspects of life (including religion, which he has
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causality and causal order are only the products of our impressions and that the harmony and causal order of the universe stem only from our sense impressions. Hume also argues that we cannot claim there is a supreme designer of the world and man, because the concept of a perfect creator, even if we could engage in causal reasoning, would not be in proportion to the imperfect state of the world, “Look ‘round this universe…inspect a little more narrowly these living creatures…how hostile and destructive to each other…how contemptible or odious to the spectator…a blind nature, pouring forth from her lap without discernment or parental care, her maimed and abortive children” (Lavine 177).
Georg Hegel maintains that all morality and even religion is a product of the state, a body of appeal to which there is no higher authority, and the one from which we construct any notion of morality, religion or any other belief, “The philosophy of Hume cuts off any appeals to universal moral, legal, or religious principles, or to a transcendent God or to your private conscience in justification of your opposition to your nation. In the philosophy of Hegel, there is no moral authority above the state. There are no moral or legal or religious p
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Approximate Word count = 1296
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)
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