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Negotiating & Bargaining

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In a world where free markets and capitalism dominate the business landscape, the traditional tenets of capitalism (lower costs, higher profits and competitive advantage) necessarily imply a competitive environment in which conflict will exist. Adding to this competitive environment is conflict generated on the social or personal level, as those who compete are individuals or groups of individuals trying to achieve their aims in relation to the desired achievements of those with whom they must compete. Conflict is either cognitive or value generated, and it is either unidimensional or multidimensional:

Unidimensional: single issue or single underlying issue

Multidimensional: multiple issues (may be easier to solve)

There are a variety of sources of conflict. Levels of aspiration in regard to the self engenders conflict, such as perceived power, norms about levels of aspiration, social comparison and past achievements. The perceived aspirations of others include all of these but also include preconceptions or stereotypes regarding others. Further, since people all perceive differently, conflict can be engendered by differences of perspective regarding potential outcomes. Finally, in a culture and workforce that daily grows more diverse, differences reg

. . .
rn world we see an example of this form of negotiation being utilized in negotiations between the Middle East and Israel. We also see how petty and ineffective it can become as a means of achieving outcomes from the same example. We also see, how, in a world growing more accepting of diversity, it begins to look immature, destructive and resource-wasting. On the other hand, in the modern world among governments we see more attempts to negotiate in an integrative manner, or the win-win form of negotiation. We no longer have a powerful nation imposing its will at whim upon a lesser power. Instead, we have two parties who try to understand their own needs, perspectives and differences in order to arrive at an outcome that will be as beneficial as possible for both sides. Incorporated in this theory is the concept that what is right is more significant than who is right. Also, the integrated theory of negotiating allows for options not considered within distributive negotiating and there are five methods recognized as the means of arriving at integrative agreements, “Pruitt identifies five methods for reaching integrative agreements: expanding the pie, nonspecific compensation, logrolling, cost cutting, and bridging”. In thi
. . .

Some common words found in the essay are:
PERSONALITY ETHICS, PURPOSE Negotiating, CONCESSIONS Offers, East Israel, Game Theory, Multidimensional Unidimensional, BARGAINING Distributive, Concern Model, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, Model Self, offers counteroffers, offers counteroffers concessions, dual concern model, negotiating bargaining, concern model, counteroffers concessions, dual concern, game theory, form negotiation, competitive environment, conflict resolution, bargaining strategies, aims agenda objectives, assertiveness low cooperativeness, jai press inc,
Approximate Word count = 2460
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page)

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