Ottoman Empire

The Middle Ages were characterized by powerful societies based on military prowess, religious nationalism, and voluminous trade. The Roman and Byzantine Empires were among the most powerful empires until the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Rome fell to the Turks. In the early middle ages the wars against the Muslims would begin to wrack the Byzantine Empire, wars that would continue until it was eventually conquered finally by the Turks, “Muslims attacked the very heart of the empire; the Muslims besieged Constantinople in 673, and again in 717. The city was saved by Leo the Isaurian, and survived with territories diminished but more compact” (Bowle 106). However, the Turks were determined if nothing else. By the end of the 13th century, Turkish attacks on Christian Byzantine settlements in Anatolia were being attacked by a

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an important activity during the middle ages that helped to give the Byzantine and Islamic civilizations mutual interaction that promoted values of both cultures, “It was thanks to the Arabs that trade somewhat revived, sometimes in new forms. Exchange with Byzantium continued and, therefore, the old luxury trade routes from Asia were never wholly stopped, though they tended, because of the generalized poverty of the west, to dwindle” (Roberts 129-130). Architecture and trade demonstrated the Arab belief that good works and not just faith were essential to the Islamic way of life. However, even though the omnipotence, and unity of God were indisputable among Muslims, the Arabic traditions were similar to Byzantine ones in that they had their origins in paganism. The Arabic paganism before the middle ages helped traditions and customs evolve in the monotheistic Islam, like the pilgrimage and the Kaaba shrine remaining central religious institutions. Abu ‘Abdullah ibn Battuta, more readily known to scholars and historians as Ibn Battuta, was an Arab who lived during the fourteenth century. His lineage represented a line of Muslim legal scholars and he was schooled in law and gained employment periodically throughout his life
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Approximate Word count = 2318
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page)

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