Piaget
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It would be hard to underestimate the influence on child development and learning stemming from the work of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. Piaget spent more than five decades observing the behavior of his own and other children as they grew from infancy to adolescence. Based on these observations he recorded in his diaries, Piaget constructed a theory of cognitive development that is based upon the assertion that mental growth is primarily an increased ability to adapt to new situations. Nathan Isaacs (1985) argues that Piaget identified two main elements to a child’s mental growth:The paramount part played from the start by his own action; and, The way this turns into a process of inward building-up, that is, of forming within his mind a continually extending structure corresponding to the world outside. From the first moments outside the womb, the infant itself takes a controlling hand in obtaining and then organizing all his experiences and interactions with the outside world. This process of absorbing and organizing experiences around the activities that produce them was called assimilation by Piaget (Isaacs, 1985, 19). Within the nature vs. nurture debate, Piaget adopts the view that both of these forces – genetics and environmental interaction – play a profound role in development and learning. Piaget argued that two fundamental processes – assimilation and accommodation – are responsible
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onstruction is constrained by the physical laws of the environment and the biological possibilities of the child...to most people, however, the restrictions imposed by physics and biology seem far too bread and nonspecific to produce such universal outcomes” (Brainerd, 1996, 194).
VALUE OF THEORIES
Piaget’s theories have a great deal of value with respect to real world applications of learning and teaching. Piaget’s theory of stage development is built on specific general principles that he considers universal in the development of all children. These principles are: Organization, Equilibrium and Adaptation. Organization refers to the interrelationships among all the elements of mental life which Piaget called schemata. Schemata are essentially mediating processes which, as development proceeds, provide a structure into which incoming sensory data can fit. Schemata structure the child’s world and make possible assimilation, or the orderly intake of new information. Equilibrium is sought by the child not at the expense of excluding information that will help him to adapt better to his changing world, but by seeking means of accommodating this information into existing schemata. The work of Siegel (1999) is an extension of
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 2566
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page)
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