Psychomotor stimulants

Amphetamine and structurally related drugs, unlike most stimulants, produce tolerance. Withdrawal after occasional use produces only mild sleep disorders. But withdrawal after bingeing produces a pattern of depression, anxiety, and agitation that leads to a craving for sleep followed by a period of very low mental and physical energy that can endure for weeks. Moderate use of orally administered stimulants produces insomnia and irritability. Intravenous, high-dosage use of these drugs, however, "leads to a psychotic state almost indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia" (Leavitt, 1995, p. 139). Amphetamine abuse may also damage neurons that contain dopamine. In addition, the intravenous use of psychomotor stimulants presents the usual dangers of infection.

Psychomotor stimulants produce little or no physical dependence and treatment for abuse, therefore, involves psychotherapy and behavior modification but no pharmacological antagonists or deterrents are employed. Both the learning model and the self-medication model can be effective approaches to treatment of abusers of psychomotor stimulants. Their continued use of the drugs depends almost entirely on the desire to recreate their pleasurable effects--althou

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