Stages of Develompment in Erikson andPiaget

According to Lerner and Soohom (1980) as well as Muuss (1982), the theoretical views of Erikson may be delineated as follows. Influenced by Freud, Erikson adapted many of Freud's notions (i.e. the oral, anal and phallic stages) into a develop-mental perspective in which human development was seen as eased or hindered by the nature and degree of social experiences.

In Erikson's framework, an individual is said to face a succession of eight crises each of which entails great vulner-ability but also great potential. These crises were emphasized by Erikson in terms of the development of social feelings such as trust, shame, industry, etc. In particular, Erikson stressed adolescence as a period during which all previous conflicts were refocused in a youth's comprehensive conflict of establishing a personal identity. So that these notions may be better under-stood, Erikson's crises are delineated below:

1. Trust versus Mistrust -In their first year, the social experiences of infants, e

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ty versus Stagnation -During their middle adulthood, the crisis facing people is whether to devote them-selves to others, their work, and the common good, or instead to become self-centered and inactive. 8. Integrity versus Despair -Old age ushers in a crisis wherein people reflect upon their lives and feel that they have lived a meaningful, worthwhile life (in which case they have a sense of personal integrity) or, they feel they've lived poorly (in which case they have a sense of despair). Views of Piaget The theoretical notions of Jean Piaget are also delineated by Lerner and Soohom (1980) and Muuss (1982). Whereas Erikson focused on the manifestation of crises arising at certain periods in the life span, Piaget focused on the notion that the life span, at least through adolescence, was characterized by discrete stages of cognitive development. An individual is said to be propelled through these stages by two primary factors: (1) biological pressures to adapt; and (2) the need to reorganize thinking. Piaget's stages may be delineated as follows: 1. The sensorimotor stage -This stage, passed through from birth until the middle of the second year, is characterized by the child progressing from an instinctual reflexive respons
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Approximate Word count = 1309
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)