Alterations in Digestive Function

Describe the etiology and physiologic mechanisms for:

-anorexia - side effect of medication, nausea, anxiety, psychological (anorexia nervosa); suppression of hunger center in the brain

-nausea and vomiting - both caused by activation of the vomiting center in the brain - caused by motion (car, plane, boat), drugs, mechanical obstruction, psychological problems; used to eliminate harmful substance from the body; psychogenic vomiting used to express hostility, anxiety, to avoid unpleasant event (e.g. going to school) (Berkow, Beers and Fletcher, a997, 512)

-diarrhea - osmotic, when substances can't be absorbed from the intestine; secretory, when small and large intestine secrete salts into stool due to toxins; malabsorption syndrome, food not digested normally; exudative, inflammation of lining of large intestine; bacterial overgrowth, by normal bacteria, or growth of bacteria not normally present; surgical reduction of length of large intestine; caused by having more water than normal in stool (>90 percent) (522-523).

Characterize the appearance of blood in vomitus and stool according to the site and extent of bleeding:

-vomitus - can be bright red or dark, depending on whether there has been time for hemoglobin to be acid-denatured or not; can be from esophagus, stomach, or nasopharyngeal and oral structures (Gastrointestinal, 2005)

-stool - black stool usually indicates upper GI bleeding; at least 200 ml needs t

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epatitis B and C; neonatal conditions, e.g. biliary atresia (inflammation and blockage of bile ducts), neonatal hemochromatosis (build up of iron in liver and tissues); progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (jaundice); hepatoblasoma, Budd Chiari syndrome (blockage of veins of liver), galactosemia (Liver, 2002). Lesson Seven Part 1: Alterations in Endocrine Function Describe the role of the hypothalamus in regulating pituitary control of endocrine function: Some of the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus have long axons that descend through the infundibulum and terminate in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, where the hormones the hypothalamus produces (ADH, oxytocin) are stored - they are released by neural stimulation from the hypothalamus; releasing and inhibitory hormones produced by the hypothalamus enter capillaries that take them to the anterior pituitary where they control release or inhibition of pituitary hormones (GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, ICSH) (Applegate, 2000, 208). State the difference between positive and negative feedback control mechanisms in the regulation of hormones: the pituitary produces prolactin which causes milk glands in the breast to produce milk, and when a baby suckles, the pitui
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Approximate Word count = 7596
Approximate Pages = 30 (250 words per page)

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