SOCIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS

Sociology of emotions is "a name for a body of work that articulates the links between cultural ideas, structural arrangement, and several things about feelings: the way we wish we felt, the way we try to feel, the way we feel, the way we show what we feel, and the way we pay attention to, label, and make sense of what we feel" (Hochschild, 1990, p. 117). The sociology of emotions "supplements and deepens theories about how people think or act" (Hochschild, 1990, p. 117).

Hochschild (1990, pp. 118-119) defined emotion as "an awareness of four elements that we usually experience at the same time: (a) appraisals of a situation, (b) changes in bodily sensations, (c) the free or inhibited display of expressive gestures, and (d) a cultural label applied to specific constellations of the first three elements." A feeling, in contrast to an emotion, is less "marked by bodily sensation; it is a 'milder' emotion" (Hochschild, 1990, p. 119). Emotion functions as a sense; thus, emotion "is a part of our sentient nature" (Hochschild, 1975, p. 282). Within the con

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e involved. Biological aging refers to the manner in which the body functions over time, while psychological aging involves the individual's perceptions of the aging process, and social aging reflects the ways individuals relate aging their "their own unique society" (Turner and Helms, 1991, pp. 8-9). Erich Fromm, Albert Bandura, and others approached human development from a social approach. Fromm viewed human personality development as a response to human needs, while Bandura's concept of human development was a social learning theory. The behavioral school of human development grew out of the social approach (Hill and Humphrey, 1992, p. 10). Behavioristic human development involves the concept of conditioning. The classical concept of conditioning is that developed by Ivan Pavlov (Turner and Helms, 1991, pp. 36-38). B. F. Skinner advanced the behaviorist approach through the development of the concepts of operant conditioning and reinforcement (Turner and Helms, 1991, pp. 10-12). Cognitive theory incorporates some aspects of behavioral theory. An assumption central to cognitive theory is that an individual's emotional and behavioral responses to events in one's life are greatly influenced by one's own interpretations a
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