STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE

The fourth edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, is authored by Robert L. Thorndike, Elizabeth P. Hagen, Jerome M. Stattler, Elizabeth A. Delany, and Thomas F. Hopkins. The instrument is published by the Riverside Publishing Company, Chicago.

The purpose of the test is to measure the cognitive abilities that provide a pattern and the overall level of cognitive development for individuals aged two years through adult. The instrument provides 20 separate scores.

The standardization sample for the instrument was comprised of more than 5,000 subjects aged two through 23 years (Anastasi, 1989, p. 771). The subjects were drawn from the District of Columbia and 47 different states of the United States. The sample was stratified to accurately reflect population patterns in the United States in relation to geographic region, community size, ethnicity, and gender. Socio economically, upper-level individuals were somewhat over represented in the sample, while lower-level individuals were somewhat under represented. The test authors compensated for this disproport

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nvolves the individual's perceptions of the aging process, and social aging reflects the ways individuals relate aging their "their own unique society" (Turner & Helms, pp. 8-9). Erich Fromm, Albert Bandura, and others approached human development from a social approach. Fromm viewed human personality development as a response to human needs, while Bandura's concept of human development was a social learning theory. The behavioral school of human development grew out of the social approach (Hill & Humphrey, p. 10). Behavioristic human development involves the concept of conditioning. The classical concept of conditioning is that developed by Ivan Pavlov (Turner & Helms, pp. 36-38). B. F. Skinner advanced the behaviorist approach through the development of the concepts of operant conditioning and reinforcement (pp. 10-12). Cognitive theory incorporates some aspects of behavioral theory. An assumption central to cognitive theory is that an individual's emotional and behavioral responses to events in one's life are greatly influenced by one's own interpretations and evaluations of those events. The ecological approach to psychology is a functional approach. In this approach, psychological problems are construed as instanc
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