Research Designs
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1. Because research findings on human beings involving sociodemographic variables can be influenced both consciously and unconsciously through the framing of research questions, the structure of data collection instrumentation, sample selection, and other factors susceptible to researcher manipulation, social scientists must attempt to design safeguards into quantitative investigations that minimize the potential for bias. Typically, causality in social research may not be attributed on the basis of a simple relationship between two variables. Rather, a number of factors that hold the potential to affect a specific social measure must be structured as explanatory variables to determine the relative importance of each of the factors as a cause of change in the studied phenomenon. Further, the interactive effects associated with various combinations of the explanatory variables must be assessed. One case in point that may be used to illustrate this problem is the academic performance of elementary school students. Some studies that have relied on a single factor as an explanation of variations of academic performance among elementary school students have concluded that African American children are less competent academically than are white elementary school students. These studies were structured so that academic performance was the dependent variable was assessed in relation to racial and ethnic classification as the explanatory variable. Even a very large sample in t
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Approximate Word count = 837
Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page)
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