Paris and Vienna as Cultural Centers

In 1870, France had just undergone a long period of revolutionary change. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the nation had experienced several radical changes in government. These changes culminated in the constitutional Third Republic which was established in 1871. A bit less than eighty years before, in 1792, the French Revolution brought an end to the system of aristocratic rulership which preceded it. Prior to the French Revolution, the country was ruled by monarchs who passed the kingdom on from one generation to the next. In 1792, the king of France was Louis XVI of the House of Bourbon. In that year, the people of the French middle class rebelled against the king's authority. Louis XVI was forced out of power and, in 1793, he

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opedies. The three short compositions which make up Gymnopedies are representative of Satie's rejection of complexity in music. In all three of the pieces, "a slender, undulating melodic line is traced thinly over a rocking 'pedal' bass of shifting, delicately dissonant chords" (Myers, 1968, p. 69). Satie's use of dissonance in the late nineteenth century paved the way for one of his most important contributions to modern music. Thus, in the early twentieth century, Satie developed the idea that music need not be limited only to the sounds which are created by musical instruments. According to his theory, any sound at all - even noise- could be used as building blocks for a musical composition. According to Salzman, Satie was "the first to use sound - disconnected, static, objectified sound - in an abstract way, essentially divorced from the organizational and structural principles of tonal form and development" (1967, p. 17). In this way, Satie was a forerunner in the development of the avant garde ideas of the mid-twentieth century. At that time, composers began taking Satie's ideas to their extreme and began incorporating all sorts of unorthodox "noises" in their music. An example of this development can be seen in
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Approximate Word count = 10416
Approximate Pages = 42 (250 words per page)

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