Nutrition and Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity, also known as hyperkinesis, refers most commonly to manifestations of disturbed child behavior (Hinsie, & Campbell, 1980). The hyperactive child (1) performs movements and actions at a higher than normal rate of speed, (2) is constantly restless and in motion, or (3) may exhibit aspects of each of these characteristics (Hinsie, & Campbell, 1980).

The disorder is characterized by overactivity, restlessness, distractibility, and short attention span (Freedman, Kaplan, & Sadock, 1982). Oversensitivity to stimulation makes it impossible for the hyperactive child to attend to more than one stimulus at a time; however, the child is also unable to reject a stimulus (Freedman, Kaplan, & Sadock, 1982). Thus, unable to attend a stimulus long enough to integrate it, the hyperactive child continually returns to the stimulus as if it were new (Freedman, Kaplan, & Sadock, 1982). As an overreaction to a stimuli on an emotional level is not unusual under such conditions, the hyperactive child is frequently labile, impulsive, and accidentpron

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children have been reported since the mid1970s (Conners, Goyette, & Southwick, 1976). The earlier studies in this genre emphasized the link between hyperkinesis and food additives (Harley, Ray, & Tomasi, 1978), and their findings have often been the subject of controversy (Milich, Wolraich, & Lindgren, 1986). Relatively recent changes in diagnostic criteria, however, have led to greater interest in the link between nutrition and hyperactivity in children (Meller, & Yates, 1988). Nutrition for Hyperactivity Treatment, Early Findings Most earlier studies investigating a nutritional link to hyperactivity in children were concerned with specific food products, as opposed to a subject's entire nutritional intake (Kaplan, McNicol, Conte, & Moghadam, 1989). Most of these studies investigated the effects on hyperactivity of either food additives (Wender, 1986; Weiss, Williams, & Margon, 1980; Swanson, & Kinsbourne, 1980), or sweeteners ("Effects", 1988; Kinsbourne, 1984). Two earlier studies investigated the relationship between hyperactivity and the entire nutritional intake of subjects (Harley, Ray, & Tomasi, 1978; Conners, Goyette, & Southwick, 1976). Such studies employ a dietary replacement design (Kaplan, McNi
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