Maslow (1954, pp. 97-101) dealt with job satisfaction through a motivation theory--the hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy divided human needs into higher and lower orders. The lower order needs are primary, such as food, shelter, sex, and physical security, while the higher order needs involve love for other and self-actualization. When the lower order needs are absent in the life of an individual, the satisfaction of those needs become the center of the individual's life. In most modern societies, however, the primary needs are satisfied. Thus, real motivation--especially within organizational structures--results from individual desires to satisfy their higher order needs (Maslow, 1966, p. 189). Maslow (1954, p. 97) recognized the significance of lower order needs as motivators, yet contended that, in modern societies, these needs were generally met. Thus, it was Maslow's contention that other means had to be employed to motivate individual within organizational structures. Specifically, factors had to be in
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