The United States and Israel

I. Introduction: The "special" relationship between the United

B. Israel, America, and the Cold War

C. Israel's pattern of difficult diplomacy with Washington

D. Israel's reliability in a crunch

II. The difficult problems: the Middle East arms race

A. Demands for American weapons from Israel, Arab states

B. Israel's growing arms manufacturing and sales process

C. Iran-contra and the arms-for-hostages deal

1. Dealing with "moderates" in Iran

2. International embarrassment at the deal

III. The complex loyalties vs. self-interest

A. US-Israeli alliance vs. USSR sponsorship of Arabs in peace talks

B. US deals with Arab countries (Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia)

C. Israeli arms sales to third countries (South Africa)

3. A "rogue" operation or official sponsorship by Israel?

IV. Divisive issues between US and Israel

A. Independence of Israeli military, diplomatic actions

1. Negative American public opinion

2. American solidarity with Israel vis-a-vis terrorism

3. Israel's claim for national security, Jerusalem

5. Israel's hatred, rejection of PLO

B. American military defense of Israel, control of Israel's response to Scud attacks

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need not bow to pressure of any kind." Over the years, he insists, Israel "immeasurably" had given Washington "a lot more [intelligence]: I than we got" from Pollard. Analysts say Sharon was tapping into a stream of resentment of Israel's economic and strategic dependence on the United States that lies not far below the surface . . . . Such differences are not a new element in U.S. Israeli relations. In addition to the Lebanon invasion, there have been major disputes in the past six years over such incidents as Israel's bombing of an Iraqi nuclear reactor and its annexation of the occupied Golan Heights. . . . Secretary of State George P. Shultz, long an advocate of accepting Israel's explanations at face value, told a congressional committee recently that he was "deeply distressed" by the latest developments (Frankel, 1987c, p. 7). Another angle on the case was that the official Israeli position to the United States was that the Pollard recruitment was a "rogue" operation. Officially, therefore, the Israeli government could "draw upon the bank balance of American good will" in order to explain away the breach of American security by Israeli intelligence. But there were reports that it would "take longer than the Israeli

Category: Foreign - T