The rise of Muslim Science

prophet Mohammed and the beginning of Islam in the seventh century. The eighth and ninth centuries involved the period of consolidation of the Muslim people, and the real rise of Muslim scholarship occurred in the ninth and tenth centuries (Al-Daffa', 1977). The Muslims integrated the astronomical traditions of the Indians, Persians, the ancient near east, and especially the Greeks into a synthesis which began to chart a new chapter in the history of astronomy from the eighth century onward (IAL). The unification of the tribes of Arabia into a powerful nation, including Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the whole North Africa, Gibraltar, and Spain created a vast intellectual empire (Ead). However, the Greek legacy did not immediately dominate without a struggle with native sciences. Early in this intellectual revival, the Indian tradition was relied upon heavily, and it took a generation or two before the more sophisticated, systematic, and coherent Greek tradition rose to prominence (Saliba, 1994). By the tenth century, the predominance of Ptolemy was virtually secured, and the Iranian and Indian texts were only of historical interest. Knowledge of various cultures was assimilated and the Arabic language was adopted. Schools, colleges, libraries, observatories, and hospitals were built throughout this Islamic state (Ead). Documents and concepts of ancient antiquity, a plethora of cultural ideas,

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ight speak also, though in a different sense, of an Arabic miracle. The creation of a new civilization of international and encyclopedic magnitude within less than two centuries is something that we can describe, but not completely explain (p. 150-151). The majority of the mathematical discoveries of the Muslims came about because of Islam. It was also Islam that induced Muslim mathematicians not to limit themselves to one particular field but to become universalists (Al-Daffa', p. 16). The Islamic ability to harmonize human thought in theology, philosophy, and science through monotheism and scientific poof was a first. One of the reasons for the development of science here was likely due to God's commandment to explore the laws of nature (Ahmad). The Study of Mathematics and the Question of Celestial Motion Both the Persian and the Indian culture impacted Islam's encouragement into thinking. During the seventh century, an Indian Muslim mathematician developed the symbol "cipher" or zero and the system of placed notation. This revolutionized the study of mathematics and made possible the great achievements of Muslim mathematicians (Ahmad). Early in the ninth century, a new field of thought called astronomy
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Approximate Pages = 17 (250 words per page)

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