1. For each of the following research methods, state whether it is high in validity or reliability.
a. Survey Research. Survey research frequently is not considered to be high in validity on the grounds that data developed though the administration of surveys tends to be superficial. Survey research can be high in reliability, for two reasons. First, the structure of the questionnaire can promote reliability, and second, the random sampling method can promote reliability. Survey research, by presenting all subjects with a standard question or context, tends to reduce the potential of unreliability. Because survey research can produce highly reliable data, the findings of survey research frequently are considered to be generalizable.
b. Experiments. Data developed through the conduct of experiments frequently are not considered to be high in validity on the grounds that data developed though the conduct of experiments tend to be superficial. Data developed through the conduct of experiments, however, can be highly reliable, as the researcher is able to control and manipulate variables. Experiments are capable of producing data that are characterized by internal validity, but experiments are less able to produce data that are characterized by external validity. As contrasted with survey research, it frequently is difficult to generalize the results of experiments to a wider population.
c. Field Research. Field research is considered to be high in validity, but not so high in reliability. Field research tends to be perceived to be valid in part because the researcher is on the spot and witnesses events. Observations and conceptualizations developed by researchers through the conduct of field research are not only valid per se because of the depth of observation and measurement, but also provide bases for further research. The comprehensive measurements that may be made through the conduct of field research typ...