THE NEUMAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS MODEL

The Neuman (1994, 1980) Health Care Systems Model is derived theoretically from Gestalt theory, general systems theory, Hans Selye's theory of stress, the holistic systems concept of Bernard Marx, Pierre Teilhard deChardin's philosophy of the wholeness of life, and Gerald Caplan's conceptual models of levels of prevention (Harris, Hermiz, Meininger, & Steinkeler, 1994).

There are 21 major concepts in the Neuman (1994, 1980) Health Care Systems Model. These concepts are (1) a holistic approach to the client, (2) a holistic view of the client, (3) an open systems approach, (4) environmentùboth internal and external, (5) interaction of human and environment, (6) a survival structure, (7) a process of interaction of matter, energy, and information, (8) system input and output, (9) system feedback, (10) negentropyùenergy absorption, (11) entropyùenergy depletion, (12) stability, (13) reaction to stress, (14) wellness, (15) illness, (16) the system's normal line of defense, (17) the system's flexible lines of defense, (18) the system's lines of resistance, (19) the systems degree of reaction, (20) the concept of prevention as intervention, and (21) reconstitution.

These concepts are an holistic approach to the client, a holistic view of the client, an open systems approach, environmentùboth internal and external, interaction of human and environment, a survival structure, a process of interaction of matter, energy, and information, system in

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, Hermiz, Meininger, & Steinkeler, 1994). The interaction of the human system and her or his environment is affected by five sets of variables. These variables are associated with physiological characteristics of the person, psychological characteristics of the person, sociocultural characteristics of the person's environment, the developmental characteristics of the person, and the spiritual characteristics of the person (Harris, Hermiz, Meininger, & Steinkeler, 1994). In the Neuman (1994, 1980) Health Care Systems Model, the survival structure is the combination of all of the variables applicable to the survival of any human plus the survival variables that are unique to each individual person. In the Neuman (1994, 1980) Health Care System Model, the process of interaction of matter, energy, and information, system input and output, system feedback, negentropyùenergy absorption, entropyùenergy depletion, and stability function as a single process. Matter, energy, and information are exchanged by a system and its environment through a process of inputs, outputs, and feedback. In the functioning of this process, energy is both absorbed and depleted. The goal is an equalization of energy gain and loss at a desired level, as
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Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)

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