CONCEPTS AND ISSUES INVOLVED IN RESEARCH DESIGN

This paper reviewed concepts and issues involved in research design and statistical analysis. The discussions covered definitions, descriptions, and explanations of various concepts and issues. While the concepts and issues tend to be complex, they are logical in application. Further, the application of the concepts and issues allow psychological providers and researchers to generalize findings based on samples to general populations.

This paper reviews concepts and issues involved in research design and statistical analysis. The discussions cover definitions, descriptions, and explanations of various concepts and issues.

In scientific inquiry, a proposition is a statement about concepts that analysis may determine to be true or false if it refers to observable phenomena. A proposition formulated for empirical testing is a hypothesis. Hypotheses are declarative statements that are both tentative and conjectural in character. Hypotheses may be both descriptive and relational in form (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2000).

Theory, in scientific inquiry, is, in effect, a descriptive explanation of how something works ù an explanation of the interrelated actions within a system. While one may derive hypotheses from observed facts, one also may deduce hypotheses from theory. In scientific inquiry, theory provides a basis for th

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pically would be associated with a decision not to implement the proposed therapy. Rejection of the null hypothesis, however, would provide a basis for acceptance of the alternative hypothesis that adoption of the proposed therapy would lead to improved patient outcomes (Yates, Moore, & McCabe, 1999). Essentially, the choice between probability levels of Type I (Alpha) and Type II (Beta) errors is the basis for assessing the relative importance of two alternative types of mistakes in hypothesis testing in statistical inference analysis. In such analysis, decision procedures rest entirely on the analysis of data collected through a random sampling of the total population (Yates, Moore, & McCabe, 1999). The quality of any statistical analysis can be only as good as is the quality of the data analyzed. Thus, the reliability and validity of data collected for use in statistical analysis is of paramount importance. Validity refers to the extent to which data or a data collection instrument measures what it is actually desired to measure. Internal validity is associated with causal relationships.á Thus, empirical psychological research attempts to establish cause-and-effect relationships between dependent and independent variabl
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Approximate Word count = 2654
Approximate Pages = 11 (250 words per page)

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