AN EXAMINATION OF RIVALRY AND COMPETITION VERSUS COOPERATION AND COLLABORATION AMONG WOMEN IN ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW IN SUPPORT OF A THESIS ON RIVALRY AMONG MILITARY WOMEN
Elizabeth Heilman (1998) pointed out that the idea of bitter competition among women is ingrained in much of Western literature. She points to the story of Cinderella as a prime example of such tales. While rivalry and competition are present in interpersonal relationships among women, cooperative and collaborative behaviour characterizes most interpersonal relationships among women. Some professional women, such as Judith Briles (1999) and Tara Madden (1987), make careers out of promoting the idea that competition among women in organizations is rife to the point of being out of control. Schaef (1995) argues persuasively that women tend to pursue objectives in organizational with behaviours that are markedly different from those of competitive and aggressive males. The accurate characterization of the behaviour of most women in contemporary organizational environments lies at a point somewhere along the continuum connecting these polar extremes.
This literature review is in support of a thesis that explores the interpersonal relationships and behaviours of women in the Canadian military forces. The behavioural focus of the thesis is on interpersonal behaviours that are characterized by rivalry and competition among women in the Canadian forces.
This literature review begins with a background review of thoughts on interpersonal behaviour by women as expressed by leading female theorists and other writers on the issue. Following the background review, literature is reviewed in relation to (a) organizational influences on the interpersonal behaviours of women in organizational environments, (b) the influence of networking and mentoring on the interpersonal behaviours of women in organizational environments, and (c) the role o...