Intellectual growth from birth to old age

Piaget believed that mental growth involves major qualitative changes. Previously, both the empiricists and nativists saw the child as being similar to the adult: the first saw him as an adult-in-training; the latter as an adult-in-miniature. Piaget used qualitative differences to try and map the orderly progression of human intellect as the child grows into an adult. Piaget argued that "mental development is characterized by qualitative changes." He proposed four main stages of intellectual growth whose overall thrust is toward an increasing emancipation from the here-and-now of the immediate concrete present to a conception of the world in increasingly symbolic and abstract terms (Gleitman, 1991, p. 549).

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l 5 Defined by a "Social Contract" Generally Agreed Upon for the Public Good Level 6 Based on Abstract Ethical Principles that Determine One's Own Moral Code Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a German-born American psychoanalyst who trained with Sigmund and Anna Freud. He was best known for his interpretation of Freud's stages of psychosexual development. He asserted that personal crises are central to what he termed "psychosocial" development. He analyzed the effects of culture and society on the ability to resolve these crises and progress healthily to succeeding stages. In this context, he coined the phrase "identity crisis" to describe a conflict widely experienced among young adults during adolescence. Both Freud and Erikson believed that early experience is essential in influencing future development. However, Freud stopped at adolescence, while Erikson saw these crises as continuing past adolescence, in fact in every stage of the life cycle. Erikson emphasized the psychosocial as influencing development more than the psychosexual (like Freud). In addition, Erikson believed that the personality is shaped and can change throughout the entire life cycle, whereas Freud believed it was shaped primarily in the fi
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Approximate Word count = 1919
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)

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