Comparison of Iroquois & California Indians
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Both the Iroquois, in what became the northeastern United States, and the various bands of Native Americans in what became southern California underwent a long process of domination by colonizing European peoples--and by 1900 all of them were subjected to life on reservations. In the terms of the geopolitical analysis of colonialism these two groups passed through stages of colonization which have been characterized as competitive, hegemonic, and administrative. But, as Champagne has pointed out, these stages are descriptive terms and the processes of colonization "will vary according to the power of the colonizing nation as well as the resources and political organization of the colonized nations" (Multidimensional 6). Thus, in order to understand the colonization of the southwest, he says, it is necessary to recognize the differing traits and goals of "Spanish, then Mexican, and after 1848 American colonial administration" as well as "features of market relations and incorporation" and events such as epidemics (Multidimensional 5). Each case of transsocietal impact can only be understood "within historically specific contexts," and in a comparison of Iroquois and southern Californian Indians' colonization it becomes clear that the forms of change in the two groups owe a great deal to differences in the conquerors' identities and the social organization of the Native American groups (Champagne, Race 237). One of the most striking differences between the Iroquois and t
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the Spaniards substituted their "practice of managing for livestock rather than for food crops" (Shipek 23).
When the Mexican government achieved independence the decision to secularize the missions led to greater levels of disruption among the Native American bands as active settlement began. Though Indians were usually granted some lands, the tenure-use scheme (pueblos for groups and rancherias for individuals) meant they were always subject to sudden displacement. They did not hold the prime lands, however, and many rancherias were actually located inside the grand ranchos granted to Mexicans. The residents of these enclaves became "forced peon labor" (Shipek 26). But, though a number of Indians held better lands, all were subject to harsh laws that made a crime of, for instance, "going to town without a pass from the mayordomo" (Shipek 26). Yet even as Indian life was disrupted to a greater extent than under the mission system, the bands and individuals with land to farm usually made the most of the opportunities they did have and "incorporated new crops and animals into the preexisting pattern" (Shipek 27).
With the change to American domination of the region after 1848, Indian lands came under increased pressure for
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Some common words found in the essay are:
California Indians, Americans Indian, Native American, Native Americans, Upper California, Indian Affairs, Europeans Indians, Iroquois Prior, Californian Indians, Champagne America, southern california, california indians, southern california indians, indian lands, subsistence economy, native american, native american bands, subsistence agriculture, champagne american, economy iroquois, subsistence farming, traditional lands, subsistence economy iroquois,
Approximate Word count = 1993
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)
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