Economic Sanctions Against South Africa

The United Nations Security Council instituted a voluntary arms embargo against South Africa in 1963, making it mandatory in 1977--the first time such an action had been taken against a member state. Also in 1977, the Assembly asked the Council to consider imposing mandatory economic sanctions, and in 1979, to consider a mandatory embargo on oil and oil products.

The International Convention against Apartheid in Sports, adopted by the Assembly in 1985, entered into force in 1988. The Convention obliged states parties not to permit sports contacts with countries practicing apartheid. In 1986, the Assembly set up the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa. Its mandate was terminated at the end of 1993.

The Reagan administration pursued a policy of "constructive engagement" with the South African government, applying diplomatic pressure for change but avoiding direct confrontation or heavy criticism whenever

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ations from the United States. During the Bush administration, despite criticism from every civil rights and black political leaders in the United States, the president ended five years of sanctions against South Africa on grounds that the country's effort to end apartheid was irreversible. The sanctions included curbs on investment and trade and the refusal of landing rights at U.S. airports. Bush left in place the U.N. arms embargo, a ban on exports to the military, and a limit on borrowing from the International Monetary Fund. President Bush argued that the five-year-old Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (CAAA)--passed in October 1986 over President Reagan's veto--required sanctions to be ended when specified conditions had been met by the South African government. Since President Bush had determined that South Africa had made the required changes--one of them being the release of Nelson Mandela, he was lifting the sanctions. Immediately after the presidential action, however, many democrats, including Representative Louis Stokes (Ohio) denounced it. The President replied to his congressional critics by stating that he was complying with the law as it was written by congress. Yet the ANC issued a statement which viewed
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Approximate Word count = 2765
Approximate Pages = 11 (250 words per page)