PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED STATES

One of the greatest successes of American foreign policy since the end of the Second World War is the persuasion of a large number of diverse countries with highly disparate objectives that each of them enjoys a special relationship with the United States. Each of these so-called special relationships has been carefully crafted by the United States to promote its own objectives while addressing the concerns of the partner state only to the extent necessary to preserve the facade. Even the special relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States which is held to be based in a common social and political heritage as well as shared international objectives is replete with instances of American policy actions that have worked to the detriment of the partner state.

The myth of the special relationship survives in the 1990s with many states feeling sure that they are one of the anointed. One such state is Pakistan. This research examines the character of Pakistani-American international relations during the 1951-1992 period. The relationship between the two countries is examined through explorations of the effects of Cold War objectives, nuclear policy, and Islamic fundamentalism on the relationship.

Cold War Objectives and the Relationship Between Pakistan and the United States

The Cold War was initiated by the United States primarily as a manifestation of a paranoid fear of Soviet in

. . .
ment of nuclear weapons affected the foreign and nuclear policies of other countries, again particularly China and Pakistan. By the beginning of the 1940s, India had developed a world class scientific research community, one of whose members had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. The emphasis in Indian scientific research in the first-half of the twentieth century was on developments in science and technology that would positively affect the daily lives of the Indian people. Subsequent to the end of the Second World War and following Indian political independence from Britain, however, the emphasis in Indian scientific research experienced a shift in emphasis. Now, 45 years later in the early-1990s, Indian science "is heavily skewed toward nuclear, military, and space research." Nuclear research, in the 1988-1989 Indian governmental budget, received 14 percent of the total research and development budget, behind only defense at 26.7 percent and space at 20 percent. Industrial scientific research at 9.8 percent, agricultural scientific research at 9.3 percent, technology development at 7.2 percent, and environmental research at 6.8 percent lagged far behind. The direction of emphasis in India
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Minister Nehru, Soviet Union, Pakistan Islamic, World Court, Cold War, Libya Iraq, War Indian, Pakistan United, Additionally Soviet, India Pakistan, nuclear weapons, soviet union, former soviet, special relationship, international relations, cold war, islamic fundamentalism, scientific research, nuclear device, relationship pakistan, islamic fundamentalist federation, special relationship pakistan, former soviet republics, former soviet union, relationship pakistan united,
Approximate Word count = 4110
Approximate Pages = 16 (250 words per page)

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