The Civil Rights Movement
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The Civil Rights Movement in its contemporary form started in 1955 with an act of mild disobedience by a black woman on a bus in the Deep South. Black leaders developed several strategies over the next few years, strategies that would be successful in changing laws and in getting some of the long-standing discriminatory institutions of the South changed. Between 1954 and 1965, the Civil Rights Movement developed into a major movement for social justice, societal change, and self-determination for millions of black Americans. The tactics undertaken by the movement have ranged from violent to non-violent, with non-violent predominating under the direction of Martin Luther King Jr. and his followers. The white establishment did not merely sit back and watch as leaders like King changed race relations in America, and as has been revealed since, J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI waged a battle against leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, including King, and attempted to exert control of this leadership to effect the outcome. There had been civil rights organizations in America for some time, groups such as the NAACP that worked for the legal rights of blacks, but civil rights as a major social movement started in the 1950s. The year 1954 is a key one in the Civil Rights Movement that would follow because that was the year of the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (also known as Brown v. Topeka). This decision was one of several forces at work in the early 195
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t influence in the Montgomery bus boycott and the sit-in movement for civil rights. The FBI also undertook a lengthy surveillance of Martin Luther King, and Hoover gathered dossiers on King and other black leaders as he had on various American politicians, artists, and social leaders throughout his tenure as head of the FBI (O'Reilly, 1994, 15). Friedly and Gallen (1993) identify Hoover as one symbolic of the institutions that have failed to live up to American ideals:
Although he preached the rhetoric of liberty as fervently as any American, Hoover institutionalized concepts of totalitarianism rather than democracy in his Federal Bureau of Investigation. During his almost fifty years as head of the FBI, Hoover carefully expanded his power and increased his independence from those who were supposed to control him. . . Hoover created an empire in his own image, employing his own prejudices and preferences (Friedly and Gallen, 1993, 17).
Hoover worked to disrupt leftist movements during his tenure and used the specter of communism against anyone who wanted to change the status quo. He operated secretly most of the time. Hoover professed many of the same beliefs that would infuse Martin Luther King Jr., but the antipathy betw
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Approximate Word count = 1876
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)
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