Self-Esteem in Black Male Children

Self-Esteem Component 1: Self-Esteem

The existing literature on self-esteem in children is substantial. Hansford and Hatie (1982) reviewed over 128 studies examining for relationship between self-esteem, academic achievement, and academic performance. According to the authors, the studies evidenced large variation in observed correlations with coefficients ranging from -.77 to .96. However, the average correlation tended to be both positive and low (r=.26).

Hansford and Hatie further observed that a number of personal factors contributed to the magnitude of observed correlations. These factors included such variables as: (1) grade level; (2) socioeconomic status; and (3) ethnic background. Also, the type of test used to measure self-esteem was found to influence the magnitude of observed correlations, indicating that test specificity must be reckoned with in examinations of c

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, This importance is nowhere better seen than in a now classic longitudinal study conducted on a group of gifted children. In this study (Terman & Oden, 1947), gifted children were identified in grade school and then observed for a period of 60 years. The authors found that despite strong similarities in both IQ and education, not all of the gifted children had succeeded in life. Specifically, those who did succeed tended to be those who viewed themselves as competent to do so. This sense of competence was, in turn, found to be influenced by several contributing factors including attractiveness, degree of curiosity, level of motivation, poise, and degree of social skill development. A good deal of the research on children's sense of competence has centered around play. According to Smith (1982), play is observed because researchers view it as having adaptive value in that it teaches children social and physical skills. The importance of play for the development of competence has been stressed in the theories of Jean Piaget (1962). Piaget states that through the repetitiveness of play actions, children learn to master a myriad of skills. Moreover, because play is fun, children learn that learning skills and skill-building ca
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Approximate Word count = 5215
Approximate Pages = 21 (250 words per page)

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