Doctrine of Telelogy
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Teleology is the doctrine that final causes exist. There are different schools of thought concerning this issue. One school of thought is represented by various materialists, determinists, and behaviorists who believe that human behavior is no different from anything else in nature and so is subject to the same categories of explanation as are used in any of the natural sciences. This means that human behavior is shaped by natural causes, by physical forces of the same sort that guide objects. There is an opposing school of thought which includes both the ordinary language philosophers and many teleologists and libertarians, and they find that actions can never be explained mechanistically because they believe that an action can be defined only in terms of its ends, meaning it is to be represented by the agents' intentions, and therefore the action can never be reduced to any mechanistic sequence of movements which may or may not be executed by the agent in the performance of the action. This is the teleological approach and places an emphasis on aim or intention. It would also seem of necessity accords human beings free will, but there is a dispute among teleologists on this point. Some see teleology and physical determinism as somehow compatible and as representing no more that two different ways of looking the same set of facts. Aristotle examines the questions of luck, necessity, and teleology in his Physics and finds that human beings do have free will and do m
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ome" (104). At the same time, nothing that is done by an inanimate object, beast, or child is the outcome of luck "since such things are not capable of choosing" (104). The automatic does extend to the animals other than man and to many inanimate objects. Luck is involved least where we are dealing with thins which come to be due to nature:
For if something comes to be contrary to nature, we then say not that it is the outcome of luck but rather that it is an automatic outcome. Yet it is not quite that either: the source of an automatic outcome is external, whilst here it is internal (105).
Aristotle therefore examines luck and the automatic and considers that both refer to events the outcome of which serves a purpose. Both therefore belong to the class of moving causes. Both are also causes in an accidental way, and they differ in that chance or luck involves an agent who would be capable of having intended the outcome, whereas spontaneity or the automatic involves no such agent. In this way Aristotle distinguishes different kinds of design or teleological phenomena. Actions or objects are purposeful when the end state or goal is consciously intended by an agent. Human beings can be agents, and so a man mowing his la
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Approximate Word count = 2140
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page)
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